Embodiment examples in philosophy4/12/2024 What is literal in our reasoning about such concepts is minimal and conceptually impoverished. Much of the subject matter of philosophy, such as the nature of time, morality, causation, the mind, and the self, relies heavily on basic metaphors derived from bodily experience. Abstract concepts are mostly metaphorical. Our ideas go by too quickly and at too deep a level for us to observe them in any simple way. We have no direct conscious access to the mechanisms of thought and language. It has been shown empirically that: Most thought is unconscious. In addressing them, philosophers have made certain fundamental assumptions-that we can know our own minds by introspection, that most of our thinking about the world is literal, and that reason is disembodied and universal-that are now called into question by well-established results of cognitive science. What are human beings like? How is knowledge possible? What is truth? Where do moral values come from? Questions like these have stood at the center of Western philosophy for centuries.
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